Research & Science
The science behind better water.
Explore hydrodynamic cavitation, nanobubbles, and the research shaping
membrane protection, biofouling control, and mineral-scale management.
Featured technical paper
Hydrodynamic Cavitation as an Integrated Platform for RO Pretreatment
Ryan Copeland · Technical Director, CRS
September 2026 · 35 pages · 41 references
A technical review of membrane protection, biofouling control, mineral-scale management, and RO economics—with the science behind CRS’s tankless side-stream architecture.
Download the full paper (PDF) →
Complete bibliography included. No registration required.
Explore the Research
MEMBRANES & BIOFOULING
01 / Oxidant protection
Do et al. · 2012
How hypochlorite exposure damages polyamide NF and RO membranes.
02 / Feed-spacer biofouling
Vrouwenvelder et al. · 2009
Why biomass in feed spacers changes flow and increases pressure drop.
03 / Bubble-assisted cleaning
Dayarathne et al. · 2017
Air micro-nano bubbles in reverse-osmosis cleaning-in-place.
04 / Seawater-RO biofouling
Alvarez Sosa et al. · 2025
Bubble-based strategies for biofouling prevention and removal.
05 / Microbial signaling
Zara et al. · 2021
Hydrodynamic cavitation and P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing molecules.
SCALE, PHYSICS & ENGINEERING
06 / Gypsum scaling
Rezvani Mahmouee et al. · 2022
Micro-nano bubbles and RO membrane performance under gypsum-scaling conditions.
07 / Carbonate formation
Zarei et al. · 2025
Nanobubbles, early-stage calcium carbonate formation, and precursor aggregation.
08 / Cavitation chemistry
De-Nasri et al. · 2022
Measuring hydroxyl-radical generation in hydrodynamic cavitation.
09 / Engineering synthesis
Albanese · 2026
A critical review of cavitation applications, reactor design, and process function.
10 / Full-scale translation
Ansari et al. · 2025
Nanobubble fundamentals, practical opportunities, and scale-up challenges.
READING THE EVIDENCE
Studies use different reactors, bubble-generation methods, waters, and operating conditions. Their findings are not universal performance specifications for CRS equipment.
DISCLOSURE
Ryan Copeland is involved in developing and commercializing CRS/Hydroxyl technology. CRS has a commercial interest in the technologies discussed here.